PASAR PERSAINGAN TIDAK SEMPURNA

Pasar Monopoli (mono = satu, poli = penjual)

Definisi

    Bentuk pasar dimana hanya terdapat satu penjual yang menguasai pasar dan perusahaan ini tidak mempunyai barang pengganti (substitusi) yang sangat dekat.

     Sebagai penentu harga (price-setter), seorang monopolis dapat menaikkan harga dengan cara mengurangi jumlah produknya.

     Ciri-ciri
1.Hanya ada satu orang penjual 

2.Terdapat banyak pembeli

3.Produk untuk pasar monopoli tidak mempunyai barang pengganti(substitusi) yang dekat 

4.Adanya hambatan untuk masuk ke dalam pasar

  

Secara langsung atau tidak langsung, perusahaan-perusahaan yang mempunyai kesempatan untuk memonopoli suatu pasar, akan berusaha membuat hambatan/ batasan untuk menyulitkan pendatang baru, yakni:
1. Penetapan harga serendah mungkin
2. Adanya kepemilikan terhadap hak paten atau hak cipta dan hak eksklusif
3. Pengawasan yang ketat terhadap agen pemasaran dandistribusi
4. Adanya skala ekonomis yang sangat besar
5. Memiliki sumber daya yang unik

 Penyebab timbulnya pasar monopoli

1.Ditetapkan oleh undang-undang
2.Penggabungan dari berbagai perusahaan
3.Adanya hasil cipta atau karya seseorang

Kebaikan pasar monopoli
1.Menghindari produk tiruan dan persaingan yang tidak bermanfaat
2.Menimbulkan skala ekonomi yang menurunkan biaya produksi
3.Terjaganya kesinambungan stabilitas perusahaan
4.Mendorong penggunaan mesin-mesin generasi terbaru dengan tingkat teknologi tinggi
5.Mendorong peningkatan kinerja departemen penelitian dan pengembangan

Keburukan pasar monopoli
1.Penyalahgunaan kekuatan ekonomi
2.Adanya pelecehan terhadap posisi konsumen
3.Adanya kesenjangan dalam pembagian
4.Tidak adanya persaingan
5.Mengurangi kesejahteraan konsumen

Peran pemerintah dalam pasar monopoli
1.Mencegah timbulnya monopoli itu sendiri
2.Pemberian izin kepada perusahaan baru
3.Menambah penawaran barang dalam negeri dengan jalan impor
4.Pemerintah menetapkan Harga Eceran Tertinggi (HET)

Pasar Oligopoli

Definisi

Pasar oligopoli adalah pasar di mana penawaran satu jenis barang dikuasai oleh beberapa perusahaan.

Jumlah perusahaan pada pasar oligopoli umumnya lebih dari dua tetapi kurang dari sepuluh.

Ciri-ciri

1.Terdapat banyak pembeli dipasar
2.Hanya ada beberapa penjual       

3.Produk yang dijual bisa bersifat homogen dan bisa juga berbeda, tetapi  memenuhi  standar tertentu
4.Terdapat hambatan untuk memasuki pasar bagi perusahaan baru
5.Adanya saling ketergantungan
6.Penggunaan iklan sangat efektif

Pasar Monopolistik

Definisi

      Pasar monopolistik adalah suatu pasar dimana terdapat banyak produsen yang menghasilkan barang yang serupa, tetapi memiliki perbedaan pada beberapa aspek.

Ciri-ciri
1. Terdapat banyak produsen atau penjual
2. Jenis barang yang dipasarkan berbeda 
3. Adanya kemampuan produsen untuk memengaruhi harga
4. Produsen lain mudah masuk ke dalam pasar
5. Promosi penjualan harus aktif

Kebaikan pasar monopolistik 

1.Barang yang diperdagangkan berbeda, walaupun fungsinya sama

2.Perusahaan terdorong untuk melakukan inovasi
3.Masyarakat mendapatkan pelayanan yang baik.

Keburukan pasar monopolistik
1.Biaya promosi tinggi
2.Harga barang berada pada tingkat tinggi

TEXT DRAMA

TIMUN MAS

Narrator        :    One day, there was pleasant couple. They lived in a village near the forest. They lived happily. Unfortunately, they didn’t have any children yet. Everyday they prayed to God for a child.

Mother          :    Oh God… please give us a child. I promise I will always protect my child. Please answer our prayer. Thank you God.

Narrator        :    The green giant, Buto Ijo, coincidentally passed by the couple’s house. He heard what they were praying for.

Buto Ijo        :    Whoa…ha…ha…ha! I heard that!

Mother          :    [gasps] Oh my God! W-Who are you?

Buto Ijo        :    I’m Buto Ijo.

Father           :    [comes toward his wife] What’s with the noise? Who is that, honey?

Mother          :    Oh my husband, Buto Ijo is in front of our house. I’m scared. He will kill both of us!

Buto Ijo        :    Whoa…ha…ha…ha… I’m not going to kill you. But I will fulfill your request to have a child.

Father           :    You are just joking, aren’t you?

Buto Ijo        :    No…No… I’m serious, yes, I’m really serious. If you don’t believe me it doesn’t matter.

Mother          :   All right… All right. My husband, let’s see what he can do to help us.

Buto Ijo        :    [Gives the seeds] Look, here are some cucumber seeds. Plant these seeds, then you’ll get a daughter.

Father           :    Do you mean it? It’s so easy.

Buto Ijo        :    Yes, I mean it. But remember, on her seventeenth birthday, I’ll come back to take the girl.

Mother          :    Oh, husband… please I want a child! Let’s try his offer!

Father           :    But… Oh well, if you insist, I’ll take his offer.

Mother          :    [Bows down] Oh, thank you, husband! Thank you a lot, Buto Ijo!

Buto Ijo        :    Whoa…ha…ha…ha. See you again seventeen years from now, humans. And remember your promise. [Go away]

Narrator        :    The next day, the couple planted the seeds. Months later, a golden cucumber grew in the yard. The cucumber was getting bigger and bigger each day.

Mother          :    Look! Look! The cucumber grew very big! It’s so fantastic!

Father           :    Yeah, you right. What a very big one.

Mother          :    It’s ripe already. Does it work? How can this big thing give us a daughter?

Father           :    I don’t know. Don’t ask me.

Mother          :    I think it’s time for us to open it up. I wonder what makes it’s so big. Don’t you think so?

Father           :    Yes. Let’s cut it into two.

Narrator        :    Carefully, they cut the cucumber into two. To their surprise, they found a beautiful baby girl inside the cucumber. How joyful they were.

Mother          :    [gasps] Oh my goodness! There is a baby girl inside this cucumber! Is it for real? Or am I dreaming?

Father           :    Yes it is. You want me to pinch you to prove it?

Mother          :    Err… No thanks. [Holds the baby out] This baby is so cute! God, thank you so much! Thank you so much!

Father           :    What will we name her?

Mother          :    I think I will name her Timun Mas, husband. Because she came from the cucumber and she is cute. That name really suits her, isn’t it?

Father           :    I agree with you.

Narrator        :    It so happened that one day on Timun Mas’s seventeenth birthday, Buto Ijo came for the couple’s promise.

Buto Ijo        :    Whoa…ha…ha... Hey, peasant, where is your lovely daughter? I come here to pick her up. Remember the promise you said to me!

Father           :    Please be patient, Buto Ijo. Timun Mas, my daughter, is playing in the field.

Buto Ijo        :    What a shit! I know you’re lying! But never mind, I’ll find her by myself! [Turns away to find Timun Mas]

Father           :    I’m glad he’s gone. Timun Mas, come here, child.

TimunMas    :    Yes, daddy, I’m coming. Who’s that?

Mother          :    He is Buto Ijo, the green giant. For some reason, he’s looking for you. I’m sure he’ll come back here soon.

TimunMas    :    Oh my God, what’ll he do to me?

Father           :    Listen to me, Timun Mas, all you have to do is run away from him. [Gives the bundle to Timun Mas] Take this bundle with you. It contains chili seeds, salt, cucumber seeds, and shrimp paste.

TimunMas    :    What should I do with these?

Father           :    Throw each of them when the giant gets closer to you. These will help you get away from the giant.

TimunMas    :    What about you, mom and dad?

Mother          :    Don’t worry about us. Oh my God, the giant is coming! Now, run, Timun Mas! Run as fast as you can! Please be careful!

TimunMas    :    Thank you, mom and dad! You too please take care of yourselves! [Runs away]

Narrator        :    After that, the giant chased Timun Mas and he was getting closer and closer. Timun Mas then took a handful of salt from the bundle. She spread out the salt and magically a wide sea appeared between them.

TimunMas    :    Take that you evil giant!

Buto Ijo        :    [Smirks] Ho…ho…ho. You think you can run away from me! No way in hell! Whoa…ha…ha…ha. C’mon I’ll get you! [Swims through the sea]

TimunMas    :    Oh my God! How did he do that?? I don’t know he can swim!

Buto Ijo        :    Wait for me, you little girl!

TimunMas    :    Oh no! He’s getting closer to me. There’s no other choice! Take this, giant!

Narrator        :    And then she took the chili seeds and threw them at the giant. Suddenly the seeds grew into some trees and trapped him. The next thing he knew, the trees grew some thorns as sharp as a knife.

Buto Ijo        :    Ouch…Ouch! How the hell these trees grew into thorns?? It hurts badly!

TimunMas    :    Take that one too, evil creature!

Buto Ijo        :    So, you want to play with me huh? You’ll regret it when you lose!

TimunMas    :    Oh no! He is still chasing me! I must run faster!

Narrator        :    Once again, the giant almost caught Timun Mas. So, Timun Mas took the cucumber seeds and threw them onto the ground.

Buto Ijo        :    What now? What’s this? Cucumbers are everywhere! They look delicious! I guess it’s better for me to have appetizers first.

TimunMas    :    Hosh…Hosh…Oh I’m out of breath. But the giant was eating the cucumbers. This is my chance to run away!

Buto Ijo        :   [Yawns] Whoaaah…I’m very sleppy. I want to sleep first. After that I’ll find Timun Mas. Wait for me girl, I’ll come and make you my dinner tonight!

Narrator        :    Timun Mas kept on running as fast as she could. But soon she was very tired herself. And things were getting worse as the giant had woken up.

Buto Ijo        :    Whoaaah…I’m fresh again! Hey, Timun Mas, you can’t run away from me. I’ll get you! Hohoho…

TimunMas    :    Oh, God, he has woken up! What shall I do, God? Please help me!

Buto Ijo        :    So, you want to play hide and seek, don’t you? Where are you? C’mon, c’mon little girl… come to your papa!

TimunMas    :    God! Please help me!!

Buto Ijo        :    There you are, little girl! One more step and I’ll catch you!

TimusMas     :    This is my last hope! [Throws something] Take that, Buto Ijo!

Narrator        :    Desperately she then threw her last weapon, the shrimp paste. Magically, the paste turned into a big swamp.

Buto Ijo        :    Oh, no, what’s this? It’s so sticky and smells fishy! Timun Mas…! I swear I will swallow you as soon as I catch you!

Narrator        :    The giant fell into the swamp but his hands almost reached Timun Mas. Suddenly the swamp pulled him to the bottom and his hands lost her.

Timun Mas   :    Finally I’m free!

Narator         :    Timun Mas was coming to her parent’s home. Both up her parent’s are very happy to see mat Timun Mas was saved from the Giant. They are receive welcome her.

Timun Mas   :    Father…Mother.

Mother          :    Timun Mas, my daughter…

Father           :    Say daughter, at last you save from the Giant.

Timun Mas   :    It’s because of god,  that always to SHELTHER of

                          me and because of the cloth pocket that both of your give to me.

Mother          :    Thanks god, you have saved my daughter.
(Embraced Timun Mas).

Narator         :    Since that time Timun Mas have the rest life with her parent’s. They are happy without anxiety anymore.